this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be reflected; to harmonize with (harmonise); to come out (photo); to be projected; to be displayed (on a screen)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that ...
mother; mom; wife; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); she
from ancient times; from old times; from time immemorial
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
to serve; to work for; to attend
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; intention; mind; mood
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
northern part; the north (of a region)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
southern part; the south (of a region)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
again; once more; a second time
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
ceremony; matter; affair; with regard to; as for
place; spot; grounds; arena; stadium; range
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; school; phylum; division; counter for cannons
to go under; to pass under; to dive (into or under the water); to evade; to get around; to survive
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)