indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
back; rear; background; behind the scenes
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
strangulation; strangling
dangerous weapon; lethal weapon; deadly weapon; murder weapon
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thin; slender; fine; unlucky
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
rope; cord; policeman's rope
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
neck; head; dismissal; discharge
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
scar (e.g. from operation, injection); trace; mark (e.g. skid marks)
gap; lag; difference; discrepancy; shear (e.g. shear stress)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
offender; criminal; culprit
victim; injured party; sufferer
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
in one go; in one gulp; in one breath; immediately; instantly; right away
to screw up; to put the screws on (a person); to constrict (someone, something)
I see; that's right; indeed
very; greatly; much; just about to; almost; very nearly
big man; large man; tall man; giant
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
single cell; simple-minded person; one-track-minded person
promptly; immediately; quickly; indifferently
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
receiving an electric shock
trace; tracks; site; remains; scar
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
to seal (letter); to prevent; to forbid; to block
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to wring the neck; to strangle
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence