indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
sound of the wind; voice of the wind
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
to catch fire (of charcoal); to start burning; to burn away; to burn merrily
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Moon; month; moonlight; (a) moon; natural satellite
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
fortunate person; lucky fellow; lucky dog
certain; one; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
three countries; Three Kingdoms (in China, 220 CE-280 CE); Three Kingdoms (in Korea, 57 BCE-668 CE); (arch.) Japan, China and India; (arch.) Japan, Korea and China
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
Buddhist priest; bonze; layman dressed like a priest; person
hot water; hot bath; hot spring; molten iron
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to visit; to call on; to arrive (of a season, situation, etc.); to come; to appear
already; now; by this time; quick; early; fast
furnished with; including; attached to; impression; appearance; luck; sociality
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; intention; mind; mood
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
already; previously; before; undeniably; unmistakably
Bungo (former province located in present-day Ōita Prefecture)
han (estate of a daimyo in the Edo and early Meiji periods); feudal domain; fief; province
chief retainer; daimyo's minister
while; during; while; although; all; both
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
wandering; jobless; unemployed
(way of) life; lifestyle; living; life circumstances; livelihood; day-to-day life
to continue; to keep up; to keep on; to continue ...; to keep on ...
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
inner part of a house (near the kitchen, living room, etc.); family matters; household affairs; personal business
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)