indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
gyoza; pot sticker; crescent-shaped pan-fried dumplings stuffed with minced pork and vegetables
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
shumai; shaomai; steamed meat dumpling (Chinese-style)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
employee (of a store); shop assistant; clerk; salesperson
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
clear weather; fine weather; formal; ceremonial; cleared of suspicion
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
serious; not joking; straight
class (e.g. school); grade; rank; kyū; kyu; junior rank in martial arts, go, shogi, etc.
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
donation; contribution; endowment
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
common people; ordinary people; masses
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
promptly; immediately; quickly; indifferently
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work