indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
training (animals); breaking (animals)
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
anyhow; in any case; at any rate; at best; at most
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
love; love-making; passion; emotion; affections
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
slowly; tardily; complaining; grumbling; unsettled (e.g. weather); loose
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
adds force or indicates command
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
fertile shoot of field horsetail
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
public square; square; plaza; open space; clearing
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
guy; fellow; chap; bastard; asshole; arsehole