indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
cattle (Bos taurus); cow; beef; Chinese "Ox" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to wring (towel, rag); to squeeze; to squeeze (fruit to extract juice); to press; to rack (one's brains); to strain (one's voice); to extort
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
factory; plant; mill; workshop
rubbish; trash; garbage; refuse
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
sterilization; sterilisation; disinfection
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
quality (of a product or a service)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
that way; that direction; that (one); that person; there; over there
guidance; leading (the way); information; notice; announcement (of one's arrival); invitation
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
educational visit (e.g. by a class); educational field trip
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to see (a doctor, etc.); to consult (someone)
structure; construction; arrangement; plan; plot; contrivance
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
pupil; student; schoolchild