year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to boast of; to be proud of; to take pride in
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to build up one's strength; to get stronger; to give (someone) strength; to cheer (someone) up; to encourage (someone)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
to go around; to return; to surround; to concern (usu. of disputes)
critical (touch and go) situation; explosive situation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
juniors dominating seniors; inferiors overthrowing their superiors; retainer supplanting his lord
walking sideways; staggering; striding; being rampant; being widespread; being prevalent
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
weird; ominous; eerie; uncanny; ghastly
stillness; silence; hush; calm; serenity
to wrap up; to pack; to cover; to envelop; to conceal (a feeling); to hide
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
how; in what way; how about
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
Settsu (former province located in the northern and central parts of present-day Osaka and the southeast of Hyogo prefectures)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to make an onslaught (on); to close in (on)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
suspicion will raise bogies; once you suspect something, everything else will look suspicious; jumping at shadows
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix