indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honesty; sincerity; trust; reliance; (religious) faith; devotion
middle palace guard (ritsuryo system)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
to intimidate; to frighten; to scare; to threaten (e.g. peace); to jeopardize; to endanger
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Emishi; historical term for non-Yamato peoples in northern Japan; Yezo (northern part of Meiji-era Japan, esp. Hokkaido, but also Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from the place (where); from the fact that ...; caused by the fact that ...; because
heartbroken; crestfallen; dejected; disappointed
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
honorific/polite/humble prefix
cornerstone; main point; requirement; need; necessary; required