indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
(police) detective; criminal matter
head (chief, director) of a section or department; head of a (school) club; head of a (school) team
resident of Tokyo; citizen of Tokyo; Tokyoite
cooperation; collaboration
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Tokyo Metropolis (prefecture); Tokyo metropolitan area
in; at; on; as for; regarding; with regards to
number of events (e.g. accidents, crimes, meetings, housing starts, hits on a web page)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
decrease; reduction; decline
municipality; local government; self-governing body; autonomous body
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
cooperation; coordination; link
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to plan; to attempt; to plot; to conspire; to aim for; to strive for
community-based; local-based
traffic safety; driving safety; road safety
exercise; physical training; appeal; campaign; motion; movement
bout (in sports, etc.); match; effort; initiative; dealing with
(good) result; outcome; fruits (of one's labors); product; accomplishment
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
name of an imperial era (e.g. Heisei, Shōwa); Japanese era name
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
(feeling of) identification; sense of unity
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
traffic; transportation; communication; exchange (of ideas, etc.); intercourse
observance (of laws, rules, etc.); adherence; obeying; following; abiding by; compliance
consciousness; becoming aware (of); awareness; mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
elevation; rise; improvement; advancement; progress
dissemination; spreading of information
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
by means of; due to; because of; according to
rolling stock; railroad cars; wheeled vehicles
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons