indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
flesh; meat; flesh (of a fruit); pulp; the physical body (as opposed to the spirit); flesh; thickness
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
adds force or indicates command
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
company; lot; bunch; troupe; company (of musicians)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
from the start; from the beginning; from the outset
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
stinginess; miserliness; shabby; cheap; petty; narrow-minded
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
unwillingly; grudgingly; shaking head in refusal (like a child); no!; no no!
wife; your wife; his wife; married lady; madam
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
consideration; concern; fear; worry; solicitude
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
pickles made in brine and fermented rice bran (esp. vegetables, also meat, fish, eggs, etc.)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
unskilled; clumsy; lousy; poor; awkward; shitty
and yet; though; when; in spite of
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to rub; to crumple; to massage; to argue; to have a heated discussion; to train; to coach
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
one-by-one; separately; every single; each and every; without omission
slow (slightly pejorative); dull; stupid
why; oh; no!; quit it!; stop!
thank you for the meal; that was a delicious meal; what a wonderful meal
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient