indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to see; to witness; to observe; to catch sight of; to get a glimpse of; to encounter
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
station (esp. a police station); office (e.g. tax office)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
police; police officer; police station
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
search (esp. in criminal investigations); investigation; inquiry; enquiry
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
outside (e.g. of a building); exterior; outside (of a group, company, etc.); outside world
to talk; to chat; to chatter
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
investigator (usu. of criminal cases)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
passage (of time); elapsing; progress; development; transit
murder victim; body of a murder victim
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
presumption; assumption; estimation
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward