indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
camouflage; disguise; pretense; feigning; masquerade
construction; architecture (of buildings)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
emperor (of Japan); mikado
construction; establishment
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
fat; thick; deep (of a voice); thick; daring; shameless
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife; his and hers; pair of objects, one larger (for man), one smaller (for woman)
intensification; aggravation
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
regret; repentance; remorse
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
dead person; (the) deceased; (the) dead; casualties
elegance; dandyism; sophistication; affectation; showing off; putting on an air
wing; Chinese "Wings" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); (arch.) counter for birds or bird wings
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
establishing; proving; ascertaining; identifying; confirming