Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
April; fourth month in the lunar calendar
eleventh day of the month; eleven days
prosperity; flourishing; thriving
imperial envoy; imperial messenger
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
entry into a castle (by a conquering force)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Edo Castle (residence of the Shogun during the Edo period, now the site of the Tokyo Imperial Palace)
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
formation; establishment; conclusion (e.g. of a deal); reaching (e.g. an agreement); being valid (of a theory, argument, etc.); holding
generally; mainly; nearly all; almost all; gist; summary; staying within bounds
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
inside and outside; interior and exterior; inside and outside the country; home and abroad; around; about
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
disquieting; threatening; turbulent; restless; unsettled; disturbing
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
spread (e.g. of a disease); rampancy; infestation; proliferation; being widespread
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
power; authority; influence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make a display of; to show off; to flaunt
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
opposite side; other side; over there; that way; the other party; the other person
to have (e.g. lunch); to take (e.g. vitamins)
wherein; therein; thereinto
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to leave; to depart; to take one's leave
far from; anything but; not at all; let alone; to say nothing of; not to mention