time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
Boshin War (Japanese civil war between Imperial and shogunate forces; 1868-1869)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
defeat; loss; reverse; setback
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
Tokugawa shogunate (i.e. the Edo shogunate, 1603-1867)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
exactly; surely; right then; just then; just (about to); on the verge (of doing or happening)
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
coming flying in (migratory birds, airborne sand, pollen, etc.); coming by airplane
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to take down; to bring down; to drop off (a passenger); to let off; to withdraw (money); to use for the first time; to wear for the first time
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
stubbornness; obstinacy; disposition; nature; appetite; desire
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
government forces; loyalist army
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
tension; mental strain; nervousness
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to rise; to swell; to be promoted
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
battlefield; battleground
to be in danger of; to be liable to
absolutely; positively; decidedly
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during