pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
shade; shadow; behind (something); other side; background; behind the scenes
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
(social) standing; status; identity; birth; one's circumstances; one's means
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
in spite of; regardless of
to accept; to receive; to agree
unusual; unconventional; mold-breaking; outside the box
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
due form; official; formality
to inherit; to receive; to take over by transfer
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
all present; all concerned; all of us
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
(work) hard; unceasingly; strenuously; assiduously; busily; ardently
honorific/polite/humble prefix
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
form; shape; figure; visage
in comparison to; rather than
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to surpass; to outstrip; to excel
good; goodness; right; virtue
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
number one; first; best; most; game; round
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
concern; sympathy; solicitude; nature; disposition; temperament
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
clearing one's throat; cough