indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
beloved child; dear child
I'm home!; I'm back!; now; at present; just now; a moment ago
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
childcare leave (taken after the compulsory childcare leave); maternity leave; paternity leave
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
look!; see!; here!; there!; hey!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to turn over; to turn upside down; to knock over; to tip over; to overturn (e.g. a decision); to upset
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
beginning; outset; first; onset
copy; photocopy; book jacket blurb; (advertising) slogan
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
another person; other people; unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood); outsider; stranger