indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
older sister; elder sister
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
alone; by oneself; on one's own
to subsist; to keep on living
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
holly olive (Osmanthus heterophyllus); false holly; holly; spotnape ponyfish (Leiognathus nuchalis)
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to shift one's attention to; to shift one's focus on
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
anyone; anybody; everyone; everybody; whoever
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
to shake; to sway; to waver
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
choices; alternatives; options
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that