indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
woman; female; feminine gender
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
fertilized egg; fertilised egg
cryopreservation; freeze-preservation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to match (rhythm, speed, etc.); to join together; to unite; to face; to be opposite (someone); to compare; to check with
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
medical care; medical treatment
engine; agency; organisation; system; facility
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
two persons; two people; pair; couple
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
dispersion; breakup; variance; dispersion
charge; custody; safekeeping; deposit; storage
true state; actual condition; reality
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to wait for a long time; to wait and wait; to eagerly await
song lyrics; words of a song; libretto
completely; absolutely; totally; (not) at all
to be unusual (of a person or of a thing); to be uncommon; to be peculiar; to be crazy; to be eccentric; to be different
self-satisfaction; rejoicing
suffix for familiar person
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?