indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Japanese person; Japanese people
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
accomplishment; execution
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
the reverse; other side; lining
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
harmful side effects of a medicine or drug
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
accused; defendant; prisoner at the bar
Brighton (Britain); Blyton
medicine manufacture; drug manufacture
company president; manager; director
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to plan; to attempt; to plot; to conspire; to aim for; to strive for
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
beginning; outset; first; onset
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
astonishing; amazing; surprising; wonderful
confession; acknowledgement; confession of love; professing one's feelings; confession of sins (e.g. the confessional)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
outbreak; spring forth; generation (e.g. of power or heat); genesis; ontogeny; development of complex multicellular structures from cell(s) in a simple state
murder; homicide; manslaughter
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching