indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Japanese person; Japanese people
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
accomplishment; execution
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
staff member; employee; worker; personnel
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
plate; dish; serving; helping; kanji radical 108 (at the bottom)
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
escape; flight; running away; elopement; fleeing
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
environmental destruction
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
construction; establishment
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
obstruction; check; hindrance; prevention; impediment; interdiction
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
power plant; power station
details; particulars; detailed; specific; close-up view (of a digitally displayed map); zoomed-in view
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
itself; one's own body; oneself; originally; naturally
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally