to shut in; to confine; to contain
joint (knee, elbow, etc.)
to tie; to bind; to fasten; to restrict (freedom); to tie down (with rules, regulations, etc.); to fetter
circulation (of the blood)
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
to rot; to go bad; to corrode; to weather; to become useless; to blunt; to become depraved
being orientated (towards); pointing (towards); directional (e.g. microphone); -oriented
Liao (dynasty, 916-1125 CE); Khitan Empire
to hold back (e.g. emotions); to rein in (e.g. a horse, unruly people); to get the better of; to control; to command
battle flag; standard; (regimental) colours; colors; ensign
eleven; 11; jack (playing card); Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (Cuculus fugax); Horsfield's hawk cuckoo
use; application; employment; utilization; utilisation
to be a match for; to rival; to equal; to compare with; to be equivalent to
fighting back; returning fire; counter-attack; responding to an attack; accepting a challenge
casualties; injuries and deaths
really; truly; indeed; good grief
difficult situation; adverse circumstances; predicament; trouble; dilemma; distress
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
swallowing whole; swallowing without chewing; taking something in without fully understanding it; accepting without reservation; accepting something as-is
to consist of; to be made up of; to be concluded (e.g. of an agreement); to hold true (e.g. of a theory); to be viable (of a business, lifestyle, etc.); to carry on
as many as one likes; as much as one likes; great many; plenty; almost (none); (not) much
trace; tracks; site; remains; scar
to go to see (something, someone); to visit
about; roughly; generally; on the whole; completely; quite
infantry; infantryman; foot soldier
to set (sun); to become dark
mountain river; mountain stream
more and more; increasingly; all the more
ten; 10; ten years of age
Japanese league; ri; neighbourhood (under the ritsuryo system; orig. of 50 homes); unit of area (approx. 654m by 654m)
smelling of fish; fishy; degenerate (of a monk); depraved; worldly; mundane
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
setting sun; decline (e.g. of industry)
abandonment; renunciation; resignation; abdication (responsibility, right)
to knead; to thicken into a paste (stirring over a flame); to polish (a plan, etc.); to refine; to train; to drill; to gloss (silk)