indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
again; once more; a second time
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to bring back; to restore
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sports ground; sports oval
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
rice field used to grow wheat
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
by all means; at any cost; whether (one is) willing or not; willingly or unwillingly; on no account; by no means
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to take; to catch; to capture
sorry; excuse me; thank you
try; attempt; try (rugby)
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?