indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
father; dad; husband; you; he
to succeed (someone); to take over from; to pick up the torch
company president; manager; director
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(corporate) bankruptcy; insolvency; commercial failure; failed business
to be crushed; to be smashed; to become useless; to cease functioning; to go bankrupt; to go out of business
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
factory; plant; mill; workshop
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
death; mortality; to die; to pass away
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
business; affairs; duties; work; procedure; task
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
stock company; corporation; kabushiki kaisha; KK
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to get back; to regain; to recover; to make up (for); to catch up on
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
secret accounts; unauthorized accounting; under-the-counter accounting
property; fortune; assets
important; momentous; essential; principal; major
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
listening device; bug; wiretap
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
two persons; two people; pair; couple
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
radio (communication); wireless; not using wires