indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
mum; mom; mummy; wifey; dear; missus
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
to go out and away; to leave
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
because of; owing to; due to
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to have a bad time; to go through a bitter experience; to get into trouble; to get hurt; to suffer
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
cherry tree; cherry blossom; light pink; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
lonely (e.g. person, feeling); lonesome; desolate; deserted; sad; lacking
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take into one's possession; to receive; to take into one's care (e.g. person, pet); to take custody of; to leave; to go away
parent; parents; dealer; banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
and then; and so; and; so then
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
one's post; place of work; workplace
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow (handling, dealing with something); anyhow; one way or another
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
maple (Acer spp.); maple tree
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
to rescue (someone); to save; to help (out of a difficulty); to save (spiritually); to redeem (from sin); to deliver (from suffering, distress, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; so