indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(police) detective; criminal matter
testimony; (verbal) evidence
based on; on the basis of
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
second offense; second offence
rate; ratio; proportion; percentage
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
series; chain; two reams (i.e. 1000 sheets of paper); verse; stanza
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
police; police officer; police station
dreadful; terrible; horrible; fearsome; formidable; awesome
true state; actual condition; reality
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
band of robbers; gang of thieves
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
bank; banking institution
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
robbery; pillage; seizure; hijacking; plunder; extortion
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
pleasant smell; aroma; fragrance; pleasant-smelling vegetation
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
government service; the bureaucracy