indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
finally; at last; ultimately; in the end
(being) out of range (e.g. mobile network, radar, missiles); (being) out of contention; (being) beyond influence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
by myself; in person; by oneself
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be worried; to be troubled
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
Manchurian elm (Ulmus laciniata)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to write out; to make a fair copy; to rewrite
consequence; outcome; result; blame
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
simply; merely; only; solely
to get tired of; to lose interest in; to be fed up with; to have enough
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
devising (a way); contriving; device; design; dedication to spiritual improvement (esp. through Zen meditation)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
tidal hour; right time; favourable opportunity (favorable)