indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
global scale; worldwide scale
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
earnings; proceeds; returns; revenue
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
to cut open; to clear (land); to cut (a path, road, etc.); to carve out (a new career, future, etc.); to open up (a new field)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
head (chief, director) of a section or department; head of a (school) club; head of a (school) team
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
waterfall; (arch.) rapids
bribe; secret fund; slush fund; money for bribery
structure; construction; arrangement; plan; plot; contrivance
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
director; executive; officer; official; person in charge
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
absolute obedience; complete submission
to swear; to vow; to take an oath; to pledge
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
now (while the time is ripe); while one still can
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
had better ...; had better not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
company director; board member
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides with; supporting; standing by
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
Kaga (former province located in the south of present-day Ishikawa Prefecture)