the four northern islands (held by Russia); south Kuril Islands; northern territories
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
doing together (as equals); sharing; common (land, etc.); joint (statement, etc.); cooperation; co-operation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
special; particular; extraordinary; exceptional; especial
system; institution; organization; organisation
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
negotiations; discussions; connection
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(coming to an) agreement; consent; mutual understanding; accord; consensus
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to make clear; to clarify; to disclose; to make public
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
activity (of a person, organization, animal, volcano, etc.); action; movie (esp. during the silent movie period)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
conclusion; execution (of a contract); entering (into treaty); fastening (as in a joint)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn towards; to point
important; momentous; essential; principal; major
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
(a) step; one step; level; stage; small degree; small amount
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition
coincidence; agreement; conformity; consistency; cooperation
to state; to express; to mention
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
to bury; to inter; to entomb; to cover up; to hush up; to shelve
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
(medical) treatment; care; therapy; cure; remedy
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
such; this sort of; like this