indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to kick away; to kick off; to kick hard; to refuse curtly; to reject outright
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
too; also; still; as before; even so; either way
devil; demon; Satan; the Devil; Māra; evil spirits or forces that hinder one's path to enlightenment
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
(I) will; (I) shall; let's; (I) wonder (if); might it be (that); hey
perhaps; probably; generous; many; much
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
position; situation; viewpoint; standpoint; point of view
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
suffix for familiar person
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
to address (someone); to accost a person; to talk (to someone); to begin to talk; to start a conversation
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage