circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wood (for building); lumber; timber
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
congratulation; celebration
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
issue; offspring; paternal blood
by means of; due to; because of; according to
castle construction; building a castle; fortification
plan; project; attempt; plot; scheme; undertaking
to shake; to sway; to waver
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
especially; above all; inter alia; among others
making; producing; appearance (attire, make-up, etc.); build; physique; sashimi
opposition; resistance; antagonism; reverse; opposite; inverse
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to take; to carry (something) away; to bear
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
Sunpu (old name for Shizuoka City)