indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
for generations; from generation to generation; generation after generation; through the ages
court noble; nobility; kuge; Imperial Court
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
calligrapher; individual with good penmanship
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
family; relatives; dependents; household
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
your house; your home; your husband; your organization; you
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
trouble; burden; nuisance; care; dependence; support
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to use as an intermediary; to mediate; to assist; to worry; to mind; to care
to be connected (to); to be joined together; to connect (of a telephone call, the internet, etc.); to get through; to lead (to an outcome); to bring about (a result); to be lined up (e.g. of cars)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
will not do; do not; does not
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
burn; scald; (fig.) getting one's fingers burned (e.g. poor investment, mixing with the wrong people)
extreme; ultra; mega; damn; stupid; cursed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
no; you're welcome; not at all; don't mention it
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
large screen (TV, film, etc.)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to shine; to glow; to look attractive; to look nice; to be set off (by)
collection (of art, stamps, etc.); collecting; collection (i.e. a range of new clothes); fashion show
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
water lily (any plant of genus Nymphaea); pygmy waterlily (Nymphaea tetragona)