indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
absurd; unreasonable; extreme; senseless; disorderly; chaotic
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come to like; to become fond of; to fall in love
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
suffix for familiar person
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
before one knows; before one becomes aware of; unnoticed; unawares
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she