spurious article; forgery; counterfeit; imitation; sham
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)
snare; trap (for catching wild game, etc.); trap (i.e. ruse, subterfuge, etc.)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
arrest; apprehension; capture
clear weather; fine weather; formal; ceremonial; cleared of suspicion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
sink or swim; all or nothing; hit or miss; make or break
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
direct; immediate; personal; firsthand
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
deed (esp. negative); act; action; one's doing
innocence; guiltlessness; absence of the fact; insubstantiality; (arch.) insincerity; (arch.) dishonesty
proof; testimony; demonstration; verification; certification
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
portrait; likeness; picture
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to steal; to plagiarize; to steal (a technique, idea, etc.); to do stealthily; to do during scant time; to steal a base
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
alone; by oneself; on one's own
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)