indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
love; love-making; passion; emotion; affections
Island; insula; island; islet
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
planning; project; plan; design
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
once; one time; one round; one game; one bout; one heat
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to gather; to collect; to assemble
to strike; to clap; to play drums; to abuse; to bash; to consult; to sound out
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
Japanese laurel; spotted laurel; Aucuba japonica; live tree
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
adds force or indicates command
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)