indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
unevenness (of colour, paint, etc.); irregularity; unevenness (of quality, results, behaviour, etc.); inconsistency; fickleness; capriciousness
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
Hyūga (former province located in present-day Miyazaki Prefecture); Hyūga (city)
nori; laver; edible seaweed, usu. Porphyra yezoensis or P. tenera, usu. dried and pressed into sheets
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
while; during (the time when)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
or; OR (Boolean operator)
to smash; to crush; to shut down; to put out of business; to wreck; to break; to butcher
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
adds force or indicates command
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
rough; wild; violent; immoderate; extravagant; reckless
breath; breathing; tone; mood
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to partition; to divide; to direct; to manage; to settle accounts; to assume a crouching posture (at the start of a bout)
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
affiliated with; under jurisdiction of; under the umbrella
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
to refuse; to reject; to inform; to give notice; to ask leave; to excuse oneself (from)
pardon; forgiveness; tolerance; leniency; mercy; going easy (on someone)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker