today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
defense; defence; protection
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
resentment; grudge; malice; matter for regret; regret
to be silent; to say nothing
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to learn by experience; to learn one's lesson; to learn the hard way; to be discouraged (by); to have enough (of); to be disgusted (with)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
adds force or indicates command
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
to dispel; to clear away; to accomplish a goal; (arch.) to make it sunny; (arch.) to make clouds disappear
toe; toe (of a golf club)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix