indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
composition; piece of music; tune; melody; enjoyment; fun
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
dear (old); fondly-remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
home town; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
love; affection; attachment; craving; agape; Ireland
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
in that way; thus; so; so?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
cheap; rash; thoughtless; careless
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
to feel (as if); to have a feeling (that); to have a hunch (that); to feel like doing; to want to do
chest; breast; breasts; bosom; heart; lungs; stomach
to shiver; to shake; to quake; to tremble; to quaver; to quiver
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to become stiff (of muscles); to get absorbed in; to develop a passion for; to be elaborate; to be intricate
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
(arch.) sitting outdoors; room that served both as a reception room and as a living room in a Heian-period mansion; temporary sitting place installed in the garden at the imperial court, used on the occasion of archery or sumo ceremonies
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
meeting; rendezvous; encounter; confluence
slip; omission; upshot; denouement; punch line (of a joke)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to row; to scull; to pedal (e.g. bicycle); to swing (on a swing); to operate a hand pump; to push through (deep snow, the jungle, etc.)