indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
How did you like ...?; How about ...?; What's going on?; How's it going?
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
draining basket (traditionally made of bamboo); colander; something full of holes; zaru soba; strong drinker; someone who can drink like a fish
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Sarcandra glabra (species of flowering shrub in the family Chloranthaceae); 1000 ryō (an old Japanese coin)
chirp; twitter; warble; whale tongue
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
poor; needy; lacking (quantity and quality-wise); poor; scanty
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
drugs; ingredients (for Chinese medicine)
wholesale store; wholesale dealer; wholesaler
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
live-in domestic service; live-in apprenticeship; public duty; public service
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to pile up; to stack; to load (car, ship, etc.); to pack; to acquire; to accumulate
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
load; baggage; cargo; burden; responsibility
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to collapse; to crumble; to get out of shape; to lose one's shape; to break down; to be thrown into disarray; to crash (stock market)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...