indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young woman; young (animal); offshoot
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
distance; range; difference (e.g. in opinion); gap; metric
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
expectation; anticipation; hope; promising; rising; up-and-coming
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
face; visage; look; (facial) expression; honor (honour); face; influence
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
look!; see!; here!; there!; hey!
ill-natured; mean; nasty; sadistic; cruel; mean-spirited
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
continuously; the whole time; much (more); (by) far; far (away); long (ago, before, after)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
that day; the very same day
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to spend (time); to pass; to overdo (esp. alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); to take care of; to support
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to open (e.g. doors); to open (e.g. business, etc.); to be empty; to be vacant; to be available; to be open (e.g. neckline, etc.); to have been opened (of one's eyes, mouth, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
line-spacing in text; (fig.) between the lines
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to exude (e.g. sweat); to ooze; to seep out; to reveal itself (of emotions, etc.)
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
on good terms (with); on friendly terms (with); (getting along) well; in harmony; happily; peacefully
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light