this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
knowing; (an) acquaintance
don't you think?; indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ancient Shinto music and dancing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
average; mean; balance; equilibrium
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
marginal village; depopulated village where most inhabitants are senior citizens
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
decreasing birthrate and aging population; aging population combined with the diminishing number of children; declining birthrate and a growing proportion of elderly people; dwindling birthrate and an aging population; low birthrate and longevity
sudden; abrupt; rapid; sharp; drastic; radical
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
district; region; the country; countryside; civilian society
serious damage; injury or loss; heavy blow
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
government; administration
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
groping (for); fumbling around (for); searching (for an answer, solution, etc.); trying to find
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
to go smoothly; to turn out well; to do the trick; to have peaceful relations