what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to recall; to remember; to recollect
to dance (orig. a whirling dance); to whirl (in the wind); to flutter (about); to swirl
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
talent; gift; function; noh (theatre)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
another helping; second helping; seconds; other paw!
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
new rice field; newly developed rice field; wasteland or marshland newly reclaimed as a rice field (Edo period)
good luck; fortune; happiness
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryō system)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
war; fighting; fierce competition
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
battle; war; fight (against time, poverty, etc.); struggle (for freedom, survival, etc.); contest; competition
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
the West; the Occident; Western countries
major powers of the world; great powers
to stand, walk, etc. shoulder-to-shoulder; to be on a par with
to live; to make a living; to get on with
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
all over the country; everywhere in the country; throughout the nation