indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
situated deep in the mountains
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
door (Western-style, car, etc.)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become locked (e.g. of automatic locking)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to throw open; to leave open
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't you think?; indicates question
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
incident; affair; happening; event
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
supernatural phenomenon; paranormal phenomenon; anomalous phenomenon
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
elucidation; explication; explaining; unravelling; clarification; understanding
optical illusion; hallucination; misapprehension; delusion
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say