indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
ingredient; (raw) material; unprocessed timber; raw timber; subject matter; topic
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
around the world; throughout the world
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
formation; molding; making (up); repair (e.g. with plastic surgery); replacement; -plasty
to grapple with; to wrestle with; to engage in a bout; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to come to grips with; to work hard on
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
have to (do, be); must (do, be); is indispensable; is absolutely necessary
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
experiment; experimentation
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to doubt; to distrust; to be suspicious of; to suspect
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
marriage ceremony; wedding; nuptials
to give (an example); to list; to summon up (e.g. all of one's energy); to gather; to arrest (a criminal); to capture; to nominate (e.g. for a position)
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
please (give me); please (do for me)
peace of mind; relief; (sense of) security; safety; assurance; confidence
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
woman; female; feminine gender
wife; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); trimmings; accompaniment; side (remark)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
health; healthy; sound; fit