request; favour (to ask); wish; please
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
meaning; significance; sense
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
grace; refinement; elegance; daintiness
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to subsist; to keep on living
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
to have a name entered in the family register
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
another person; other people; unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood); outsider; stranger
to prove successful; to take hold; to amount to something
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
forever; for good; eternally; as long as one likes; indefinitely; no matter what
to chase; to run after; to pursue
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to lend; to loan; to rent out; to hire out
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
unrelated; irrelevant; unconcerned; unconnected
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
good; OK; all right; fine; very well; will do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
of course; certainly; naturally
return gift; return favour (favor); revenge; change (in a cash transaction)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")