indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
fucking; screwing; having sex
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
court (of law); courtroom
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
emperor (of Japan); mikado
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
industrial physician; occupational health physician
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take on; to undertake; to take over; to inherit; to guarantee; to vouch for
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
chief of the general affairs department (bureau); chief of the executive section
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very