year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
defense; defence; pleading; advocacy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
bereaved family; surviving family; family of the deceased
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
question; inquiry; enquiry
to follow in succession; to happen one after another
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
chief; head (of an office, of a laboratory)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to pass (of time); to elapse
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; the matter in question
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
hill; height; knoll; rising ground
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
beginning; outset; first; onset
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!