indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to break; to be smashed; to split; to crack; to be divided (opinion, vote, etc.); to split (e.g. of a party); to come to light
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
adds force or indicates command
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
madder (esp. Japanese madder, Rubia argyi); madder (red color)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
please (give me); please (do for me)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
hosing down; drainage; discharge of water; spraying with water
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
police officer; policeman; constable
traffic; transportation; communication; exchange (of ideas, etc.); intercourse
Nagano (city, prefecture)
private message; PM; post-meridiem; afternoon; project manager; product manager; particulate matter
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
pipe shaft (in a building); riser shaft
radio (communication); wireless; not using wires
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
than; from; out of; except; but; more
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
fire brigade; fire company
by means of; due to; because of; according to
fire fighting; extinguishing a fire