indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
udon; thick Japanese wheat noodles
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
father; dad; husband; you; he
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
six codes (constitution, civil code, criminal code, commercial code, code of civil procedure, code of criminal procedure); Compendium of Laws
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
(some) more; even more; longer; further
in this way; thus; such; uh...
practical; pragmatic; hands-on; nuts and bolts
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
pish; pooh; I see; oh; indeed
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
drink money; drinking money
bill; bill of sale; tab (for later payment); credit; contact move (in go); direct attack to an enemy stone; sound effect produced by striking with clappers a wooden board in kabuki
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
collection; recovery; withdrawal; retrieval
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance