indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
unreasonable; irrational; outrageous; absurd
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
escape; flight; running away; elopement; fleeing
the end; the extremity; the limit; the limits; the result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
to drift (to); to be washed ashore
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
paying to get someone (esp. a geisha, prostitute, etc.) out of bondage
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nth generation; nth (person to occupy a position, e.g. president)
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
in that way; thus; so; so?
tatami mat; Japanese straw floor coverings