indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
control; management (e.g. of a business)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
honorific/polite/humble prefix
old person; elderly person; trustee of the Japan Sumo Association; retired high-ranking wrestler who is licensed to coach and receives retirement pay; senior statesman (of the Tokugawa shogunate); important local official (under the Tokugawa Shogunate)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
inconvenience; inexpediency; unhandiness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
company; corporation; workplace
representative; representation; delegation; switchboard number; main number
first-class; top grade; characteristic; peculiar; school (e.g. of a performance art); one flag
enterprise; business; company; corporation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she